Contents

• Introduction
  • Organization
  • Acknowledgments
• Societal Factors
  • Stereotyping
    • Background
    • Bias in Children's Toys and Computer Games
    • Stereotypes of Boys and Girls
    • The Effects of Stereotypes on Teachers and Advisors
  • Ways that Males and Females are Treated Differently
    • Subtle Bias
    • Different Expectations for Men and Women
    • Different Standards for Men and Women
    • Career-Related Success Unfeminine
    • Implications of Gender Double Standards
    • Specific Stereotypes Against Female Engineers
  • Summary
• The Masculine Environment
  • Sexist or Sexual Humor
  • Sexual Displays and Discussions
    • Different Reactions
    • Attempts at Changing Behavior
  • Behavior Due to Sex-Correlated Differences
    • Socializing with Co-workers
    • Different Communication Styles
  • Finding a Mentor
  • Behavior Specific to Technical Events
    • Trade Shows
    • Technical Conferences
  • Different Priorities
    • Family Life
    • The Hacker Culture
  • Sexual Harassment
  • Summary
• Gender in Language
  • Referring to Unknown People
  • Masculine Terms as Default
    • The Inequality of Masculine and Feminine Terms
    • Intentional Use of Masculine Terms
    • Unintentional Use of Masculine Terms
  • Gender-Neutral English
    • Background
    • Examples of Usage in Transition
    • Reversed-Expectation Writing
    • Reactions to Nontraditional Language
    • Summary
  • Summary
• Problems with Solutions
  • The Perception of Lowered Qualifications
    • The Need for Affirmative Action
    • Distrust of Qualifications
    • Low Self-Confidence
    • Uncritical Faith in Test Scores
    • Conclusion
  • Informal Special Treatment Harmful
  • Special Awards for Women
    • Separate Categories for Males and Females
    • Fellowships for Women
    • ``Heck, We Want More Girls''
  • Bad Consequences of Raising Consciousness
    • Female Hypersensitivity
    • Male Hypersensitivity
  • Summary
• Recommendations and Conclusions
  • Recommendations
    • Programs and Policies to Encourage Women
    • Ways for Women to Build Self Image
      • Attending Classes with Other Women
      • Female Role Models
      • Women's Groups
    • Ways for Women to React to Biased Behavior
      • Reacting to Subtle Discrimination
      • Reacting to Overtly Sexist Comments
        • Role Reversal
        • Humor
    • Ways for Individuals to Encourage Women
      • Fighting Subconscious Bias
      • Avoiding Unintentionally Offensive or Discriminatory Behavior
      • Encouragement
    • Discussion
  • Conclusions
• About This Paper
  • Data Collection Methods
  • The History of the Document
  • MIT
  • How to Obtain Additional Copies
• Sex-Based Intellectual Differences
  • Research on Biological Differences
  • Reactions
  • Conclusion
• Advantages for Women
• References
• About this document ...