References

Abramson 1975

Abramson, Joan. Discrimination in the Academic Profession. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1975. An account of a female professor's experiences of sexual discrimination and a discussion of the situation for other female academics.

Adelson 1990

Adelson, Andrea. ``Study Attacks Women's Roles in TV.'' The New York Times, November 19, 1990, page C18. A report on a study, ``What's Wrong With This Picture?'', commissioned by Women in Film and the National Commission on Working Women. The report found that men have more leading roles than women and that women continue to be portrayed in a stereotyped manner.

Aisenberg et al 1988

Aisenberg, Nadya and Mona Harrington. Women in Academe: Outsiders in the Sacred Grove. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988. A discussion of the treatment of female graduate students and faculty members, along with advice on how to improve one's chances of success. The major shortcoming of the book (from my point of view) is that it is based almost entirely on interviews with women in the humanities and social sciences.

Anu 1990

Vedantham, Anu. ``A Hostile Educational Environment''. This short document was distributed in the introductory computer science class at MIT, 6.001, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, in Spring, 1990, after a sexist fake handout, by an unknown author, had been distributed.

Baker 1990

Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. ``The Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment.'' Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 5/6 (1990) 305 -- 325. Results of a survey of individuals' reactions to different sexual harassment scenarios, finding differences in response to be partly based on sex. Contains a good bibliography on sexual harassment.

Baum 1990

Baum, Eleanor. ``Recruiting and Graduating Women: The Underrepresented Student.'' IEEE Communications Magazine, December 1990, 47--50. Part of a special issue on engineering education.

Bem et al 1973

Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. ``Does Sex-biased Job Advertising `Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?'' Journal of Applied Social Psychology 3 (1973): 6--18. Reports that individuals are more likely to apply for a job if it is the job description is phrased in language that does not implicitly exclude their sex.

Bennett 1982

Bennett, Sheila Kishler. ``Student Perceptions of and Expectations for Male and Female Instructors: Evidence Relating to the Question of Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluation'', Journal of Educational Psychology, 74 (1982), 170--179. Evidence that female professors are judged more harshly than male professors by students.

CMU 1989

CMU Computer Science Graduate Students and Staff. Dealing With Pornography in Academia: Report on a Grassroots Action, unpublished, 1989. A summary of the experiences of a group of Carnegie Mellon computer science students and staff members when they urged members of the community to stop displaying pictures of naked women on computer screens.

Casserly 1979

Casserly, Patricia Lund. Helping Able Young Women Take Math and Science Seriously in School. New York: The College Board, 1979. Reprinted, with revisions, from Colangelo Zaffrann, ed., New Voices in Counseling the Gifted, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 1979.

Clark et al 1986

Clark, Shirley M. and Mary Corcoran. ``Perspectives on the Professional Socialization of Women Faculty: A Case of Accumulative Disadvantage?'' Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 57, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1986.

Cooper Union 1989

The Cooper Union 1989 National Survey of Women Engineers. Available on request from the Albert Nerken School of Engineering, 51 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.

Courtney et al 1983

Courtney, Alice E. and Thomas W. Whipple. Sex Stereotyping in Advertising. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983.

Deaux et al 1974

Deaux, K. and T. Emswiller. ``Explanations of Successful Performance on Sex-Linked Tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29 (1974), 80 -- 85.

Ehrenreich et al 1978

Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978. An account of how the rise of science and pseudo-science in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took power away from women, in their roles as healers, mothers, and human beings.

Epstein 1974

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. ``Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments, and the Structure of Achievement'', in [Kundsin 1973], pages 13--22.

Ernest 1976

Ernest, John. ``Mathematics and Sex.'' The American Mathematics Monthly, October 1976, 83:595--615. A good survey of the factors discouraging females from mathematics with an excellent bibliography.

Erkut 1983

Erkut, Sumru. ``Exploring Sex Differences in Expectancy, Attribution, and Academic Achievement.'' Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 9 (1983) 217 -- 231. A study of sex differences in how undergraduates expected to do on a midterm and to what they attributed any success.

Ferry et al 1982

Ferry, Georgina and Jane Moore. ``True Confessions of Women in Science.'' New Scientist 95 (July 1, 1982), 27--30. The fascinating results of this English magazine's survey of its female readers.

Fidell 1975

Fidell, L. S. ``Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring Practices in Psychology,'' in R. K. Unger and F. L. Denmark, eds., Women: Dependent or Independent Variable, Psychological Dimensions: New York, 1975.

Frank et al 1983

Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen. Language and the Sexes. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.

Franklin et al 1981

Franklin, Phyllis, et al. ``Sexual and Gender Harassment in the Academy: A Guide for Faculty, Students and Administrators'', Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession, The Modern Language Association of America, New York, NY, 1981.

Frenkel 1990

Frenkel, Karen A. ``Women and Computing''. Communications of the ACM, November 1990, 34--46. One of two articles comprising CACM's cover story on women and computing. Has a good bibliography.

Gilbert et al 1983

Gilbert, Lucia A., June M. Gallessich, and Sherri L. Evans. ``Sex of Faculty Role Model and Students' Self-Perceptions of Competency.'' Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 9 (1983) 597 -- 607. Results of a study of the sex of students' role models and the students' perceptions of themselves.

Goldberg 1968

Goldberg, Philip. ``Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?'' Trans-Action, 5 (1986), 28 -- 80. The original study showing how the sex of the author of a paper influences evaluations of the paper's quality.

Gornick 1972

Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, editors. Women in Sexist Society. New York: Basic Books, 1972. A collection of essays, many still relevant, on gender inequalities in American society.

Gornick 1990

Gornick, Vivian. Women in Science: 100 Journeys into the Territory. New York: Touchstone (Simon & Schuster), 1990. Short, anecdotal profiles of over a hundred female scientists, most from an earlier generation. I found the book too depressing to read in its entirety. It shows that the situation has changed for the better.

Gries et al 1991

Gries, David and Dorothy Marsh. ``CS Produced 734 Ph.D.s in 1989--90; CE Added 173 for a Total of 907''. Computing Research News, January 1991, 6 -- 10. An annual report on the number of men and women earning PhDs and working as professors in computer science and engineering.

Gross 1991

Gross, Jane. ``Female Surgeon's Quitting Touches Nerves at Medical School.'' The New York Times, July 14, 1991, page 10. A report on the sexism at Stanford Medical School which caused a female neurosurgeon to resign.

Hacker 1983

Hacker, Sally L. ``Mathematization of Engineering: Limits on Women and the Field'', in Joan Rothschild, editor, Machina ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology, New York: Pergamon Press, 1983, pages 38 -- 58. Argues convincingly the surprising position that mathematics requirements artificially limit entry into engineering.

Hall 1982

Hall, Roberta M., with the assistance of Bernice R. Sandler. ``The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?'' Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC, 1986. An excellent overview of the problems women face at universities, with a great bibliography.

Harragan 1987

Harragan, Betty Lehan. Games Mother Never Taught You. Warner Books: New York, 1987. The classic guide to ``corporate gamesmanship for women''. Although intended for businesswomen, it had useful advice for any female professional.

Harrigan 1989

Harrigan, Kristina E. Letters to the Editor. International Herald Tribune, exact date unknown, 1989.

Harrington 1990

Harrington, Susan Marie. ``Barriers to Women in Undergraduate Computer Science: The Effects of the Computer Environment on the Success and Continuance of Female Students.'' PhD Thesis, Division of Teacher Education, University of Oregon, 1990. A study of female undergraduates' computer science experiences at a large public university, based on interviews, class records, and the literature. One of its major findings is that, although women drop out of the school's computer science program more than men, women outperformed men in most of the required computer science courses, suggesting that their underrepresentation was not due to lack of ability. The author can currently be contacted at Columbia Union College, Maryland.

Hess et al 1985

Hess, Robert D. and Irene T. Miura. ``Gender Differences in Enrollment in Computer Camps and Classes.'' Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 13 (1985) 193--203.

Hofstadter 1986

Hofstadter, Douglas R. Metamagical Themas: Questing for Essence of Mind and Pattern. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. A collection of interesting essays, most of which which were published in the Scientific American column of the same name. Two of the chapters deal with sexism in language and provided the powerful arguments that first convinced me.

Holland 1990

Holland, Dorothy C. and Margaret A. Eisenhart. Educated in Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture. The University of Chicago Press, 1990. Based on a study commissioned by the National Institute of Education, this book describes how the cultures at two southern universities encourages women to drastically lower their career ambitions and to instead seek status through boyfriends and husbands.

Holloway 1990

Holloway, Marguerite. ``Profile: Vive la Différence''. Scientific American, October 1990, 18 -- 42. A profile of psychologist Doreen Kimura, whose research has found a correlation between hormonal levels and spatial and verbal abilities.

Homans 1987

Homans, Hilary. ``Man-made Myths: The Reality of Being a Woman Scientist in the NHS,'' in Spencer, Anne and David Podmore, editors, In a Man's World: Essays on Women in Male-dominated Professions. London & New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987. A paper exploring ``some of the dominant ideas surrounding women working as scientists and technical staff in the National Health Services (NHS)''.

Horner et al 1990

Horner, Blair and Nadya Lawson. ``Letters to the Editor''. The New York Times, November 29, 1990. A letter from two members of the New York Public Interest Group, one the legislative director and the other with its Education Watch, on how the SAT underpredicts women's performance.

Horner 1970

Horner, Matina S. ``Femininity and Successful Achievement: A Basic Inconsistency'', in Judith Bardwick, et al, editors, Feminine Personality and Conflict. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1970. A paper about Horner's highly-influential research, which showed women's negative feelings toward achievement.

Hunt 1991

Hunt, Marion. ``Letters to the Editor''. The New York Times, June 19, 1991, page A24.

Kamen 1990

Kamen, Paula. ``Feminism, a Dirty Word''. The New York Times, November 23, 1990, page A37. An opinion column describing the author's experiences as a college journalist: Once she began writing about sexism, she was labeled a feminist and suspected of hating men and other radical positions.

Kaschak 1978

Kaschak, Ellyn. ``Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors'', Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2 (1978), 235--242. Describes a study that found that male students rated female professors lower than male professors on the basis of artificial case studies.

Keith et al 1990

Keith, Sandra Z. and Philip Keith, editors, Proceedings of the National Conference on Women in Mathematics and the Sciences. St. Cloud, MN: St. Cloud University, 1990.

Kelly 1982

Kelly, Alison. ``Why Girls Don't Do Science.'' New Scientist 94 (May 20, 1982), 497--500. A summary of bias against girls in science in the classroom and at home.

Kidder 1982

Kidder, Tracy. The Soul of a New Machine. New York: Avon, 1982. One of the hacker culture classics, describing the intense effort behind the design of a computer at Data General.

Kierstead et al 1988

Kierstead, Diane, Patti D'Agostino, and Heidi Dill. ``Sex Role Stereotyping of College Professors: Bias in Students' Ratings of Instructors'', Journal of Educational Psychology, 80 (1988), 342--344. Further evidence that students judge female professors more harshly than they do male professors.

Kiesler et al 1985

Kiesler, Sara, Lee Sproull, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. ``Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing''. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9 (1985) 451--462. Presents results from a study of sex-based arcade and home video game usage along with a discussion of the consequences.

Koblitz 1990

Koblitz, Neal. ``Are Student Ratings Unfair to Women?'' Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics, September -- October 1990. An informative survey of studies of bias in student ratings of professors.

Komisar 1972

Komisar, Lucy. ``The Image of Woman in Advertising,'' in [Gornick 1990, pages 304--317,]. A discussion of the biased manner in which females were presented in advertising twenty years ago. While some of the ads described would not appear today, many can still be seen.

Kramer et al 1990

Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. ``Mismeasuring Women: A Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance.'' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16 (1990) 158 -- 172.

Kundsin 1973

Kundsin, Ruth B., editor. Women and Success: The Anatomy of Achievement. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1974. Originally published as an annal of the New York Academy of Sciences under the title Successful Women in the Sciences: An Analysis of Determinants, this book provides autobiographical sketches of a dozen successful female scientists and essays on the topics of family attitudes, the impact of education, economic factors, determinants in individual life experiences, and related problems of professional women. Although nearly twenty years old, many of the essays are still valuable.

Lakoff 1975

Lakoff, Robin. Language and Woman's Place. Harper & Row, Publishers: New York, 1975. A pioneering work on how women's lower status is reflected by the language women speak and in which they are spoken of.

LaPlante 1989

LaPlante, Alice. Sexist Images Persist at Comdex. Infoworld, November 27, 1989, page 58. A trade journal article describing the sexism displayed at one of the industry's most important trade shows.

Lattin 1984

Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. ``Academic women, affirmative action, and middle-America in the eighties'', in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., Women in Academe. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984, pages 223 -- 230.

Leveson 1989

Leveson, Nancy. ``Women in Computer Science: A Report of the NSF CISE Cross-Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee''. Recommendations to the National Science Foundation for ways to encourage women, describing a variety of approaches. Can be obtained by anonymous ftp at ics.uci.edu:pub/nancy/nsf.report.

Leveson 1990

Leveson, Nancy. ``Educational Pipeline Issues for Women.'' Computing Research News, October 1990 and January 1991. A report on women in different stages of the ``pipeline'', providing reasons they drop out and suggestions for retaining them. Can be obtained by anonymous ftp at ics.uci.edu:pub/nancy/snowbird.

Levy 1984

Levy, Steven. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984. A computer hacker classic, describing the early hackers at MIT and then the Silicon Valley hackers, capturing the intensity of the hacking culture.

Lewin 1990

Lewin, Tamar. ``Winner of Sex Bias Suit Set to Enter Next Arena.'' The New York Times, May 19, 1990, page 7. A description of a lawsuit in which a court ordered Price Waterhouse to provide a partnership to Ann Hopkins, who was found to have been denied because of her unfeminine personality.

Lockheed 1985

Lockheed, Marlaine E. ``Women, Girls, and Computers: A First Look at the Evidence''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 13 (1985) 115--122. Part of a special issue on sex-related computer use, summarizing a number of studies.

McNeil 1991

McNeil, Donald G., Jr. ``Should Women Be Sent Into Combat?'' The New York Times, July 21, 1991, page E3. A summary of the arguments for against allowing women to serve in combat positions. It includes the statistic that, even with pregnancy leave, enlisted women spend less time off work than enlisted men.

MTQ 1989A

MacTech Quarterly, Summer, 1989. Volume 1, number 2. In this issue of the magazine (now called MacTech Journal), the editor announced the magazine's policy of using ``she'' as the default third-person pronoun.

MTQ 1989B

MacTech Quarterly, Fall, 1989. Volume 1, number 3. This issue printed letters reacting to its progressive grammar policy announced in the previous issue and had an article on biases women face in computer science.

Markoff 1989

Markoff, John. ``Hacker's World: Woman-Unfriendly?'' International Herald Tribune, February 4, 1989. A brief article describing women's discomfort with the hacker environment.

Marriott 1991

Marriott, Michael. ``Beyond `Yuck' for Girls in Science.'' The New York Times, June 15, 1991, page unknown. A summary of a study on how to teach science more effectively to girls.

Martin 1984

Martin, Elaine, ``Power and Authority in the Classroom: Sexist Stereotypes in Teaching Evaluations,'' Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 9 (1984), 482--492. A write-up of an experiment that found that college students judged female professors more harshly than they did male professors.

MIT 1983

``Barriers to Equality in Academia: Women in Computer Science at MIT''. Prepared by female graduate students and research staff in the Laboratory for Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT. An early influential report describing problems women encountered at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

MIT 1987

Presidential Committee on Women Students Interests, ``Survey of Graduate Students,'' Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1987. A survey which found that many female graduate students at MIT felt they encountered significant barriers due to their sex.

Mednick et al 1975

Mednick, Martha Tamara Shuch, Sandra Schwartz Tangri, and Lois Wladis Hoffman, editors. Women and Achievement. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation (John Wiley & Sons), 1975. A collection of essays studying women's uneasiness with achievement.

Miller et al 1980

Miller, Casey and Kate Swift, Words and Women. New York: Doubleday, Anchor Press, 1977.

Ott 1975

Ott, Mary. ``Female Engineering Students --- Attitudes, Characteristics, Expectations, Responses to Engineering Education.'' Final report for NSF grant #SMI-75-18013A01. ERIC Document #ED 160400.

Paludi et al 1983

Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. ``Goldberg Revisited: What's in an Author's Name''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 9 (1983) 387 -- 390. Results of a study that asked male and female college students to rate articles on a range of subjects, where the author's name was male, female, or ambiguous. Both male and female subjects rated the papers with the male author highest and the female author lowest.

Paludi et al 1985

Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer, ``What's in an Author's Name? Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's Name,'' Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 12 (1985) 353 -- 361.

Pearl et al 1990

Pearl, Amy, Martha E. Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth Wolf, and Alice Wu. ``Becoming a Computer Scientist.'' Communications of the ACM, November 1990, 47 -- 57. The first report of the newly-created ACM Committee on the Status of Women and Minorities in Computer Science, in an issue featuring ``Women and Computing''. An excellent short survey of the topic, with a good bibliography.

Perl 1978

Perl, Teri. Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians + Related Activities. Addison-Wesley, 1978. A set of biographical sketches of female mathematicians and mathematical puzzles and concepts designed to encourage girls to study math.

Persing 1978

Persing, Bobbye Sorrels. The Nonsexist Communicator. East Elmhurst, New York: Communication Dynamics Press, 1978. Strongly argues avoiding traditional biased English and provides some useful guidelines for improvement.

Petersen 1980

Petersen, Anne C. ``Biopsychosocial Processes in the Development of Sex-related Differences'', in Jacquelynne E. Parsons, editor, The Psychobiology of Sex Differences and Sex Roles. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing Company, 1980, pages 31--56.

Pomerleau et al 1990

Pomerleau, Andrée, Daniel Bolduc, Gérard Malcuit, and Louise Cossette. ``Pink or Blue: Environmental Gender Stereotypes in the First Two Years of Life''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 22 (1990) 359--367. A survey of research on the difference of toys given to and play behavior encouraged in young boys and girls, also describing the authors' research in the difference of physical environments (clothing, room decorations, and toys) in infants' rooms.

Pringle 1989

Pringle, Rosemary. Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work. New York: Verso. Based on interviews at offices and secretarial schools in Australia, this book explores the sexual dynamics of the secretary-boss relationship.

Rheingold et al 1975

Rheingold, H. L. and K. V. Cook. ``The Contents of Boys' and Girls' Rooms as an Index of Parents' Behavior''. Child Development, 46 (1975), 445--463. A study of the toys possessed by children from one to six years old, revealing substantial sex differences.

Rowe 1981

Rowe, Mary P. ``Dealing with Sexual Harassment''. Harvard Business Review, May--June 1981, 42 -- 47. Advice by the special assistant to the president of MIT to managers on how to deal with sexual harassment of employees.

Rowe 1985

Rowe, Mary P. ``Dealing with Harassment Concerns''. Transcript of a talk given at Yale University on May 10, 1985. Copies are available through the Office for Women in Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510 (203)-785-4680. A talk by the MIT ombudsperson on her experience in the job and advice about dealing with harassment concerns.

Rowe 1990

Rowe, Mary P. ``Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity''. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990, pages 153 -- 163. An article arguing that ``subtle discrimination is now the principal scaffolding for segregation in the United States''.

Sadker et al 1985

Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. ``Sexism in the Schoolroom of the 80's''. Psychology Today, March 1985.

Sandler 1986

Sandler, Bernice R., with the assistance of Roberta M. Hall. ``The Campus Climate Revisited: Chilly for Women Faculty, Administrators, and Graduate Students''. Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC, 1986. A report describing the subtle and less-subtle ways in which the university provides an unpleasant environment for women.

Sandler 1988

Sandler, Bernice R. ``The Classroom Climate: Chilly for Women?'' in Deneef, et al, editors, The Academic Handbook, Durham: Duke University Press, 1988, pages 146--152. A good overview of research on subtle subconscious bias, although it does not contain references.

Schwartz et al 1985

Schwartz, L. A. and W. T. Markham. ``Sex Stereotyping in Children's Toy Advertisements''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 12 (1985) 157--170.

Selvin 1991

Selvin, Paul. ``Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?'' Science 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781--1783. An account of the controversy surrounding Berkeley's denial of tenure to mathematician Jenny Harrison, who has filed a sexual discrimination suit. The article also contains statistics on the scarcity of female mathematics professors: At the top ten universities, 4 out of 303 tenured professors are female, as are 1 out of 86 untenured professors.

Sidner 1980

Sidner, Candace L. ``On Being a Woman Student at MIT or How to Miss the Stumbling Blocks in Graduate Education.'' Unpublished report, 1980.

Simeone 1987

Simeone, Angela. Academic Women: Working Towards Equality. Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, Inc., 1987. A good overview of the situation for female graduate students and faculty.

Sproull et al 1987

Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow. ``Encountering an Alien Culture,'' in Kiesler, Sara B. and Lee S. Sproull, eds., Computing and Change on Campus. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pages 173--194. Describes college students' reactions to their first computer programming course.

Stern et al 1989

Stern, Marilyn and Katherine Hildebrandt Karraker. ``Sex Stereotyping of Infants: A Review of Gender Labeling Studies''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 20 (1989) 501--522.

Stewart et al 1989

Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred Bessai. ``The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 21 (1989) 247--262.

Tidwell 1990

Tidwell, Jenifer. ``Hackers in the Garden: A Case Study of Women in Computer Engineering'', unpublished, 1990. A report on how the environment in the MIT Media Lab, while not intentionally sexist, was less hospitable to women.

Top 1991

Top, Titia J. ``Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review''. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73 -- 106. Criticism of some studies that have found bias in evaluations of work, depending on whether the judge thought the author male or female.

Turkle 1984

Turkle, Sherry. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. A feminist classic on individuals' reactions to computers.

Turkle et al 1990

Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert. ``Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and Voices within the Computer Culture''. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16 (1990), 128 -- 157. A paper arguing that computer programmers use a variety of styles and that educators should not force a single programming model on all students.

Van Nostrand 1990

Van Nostrand, Catharine Herr. ``Gender-Responsible Leadership: Do Your Teaching Methods Empower Women?'' in [Keith et al 1990, pages 186 -- 191,]. A manual of the same title is to be published by Sage Publications, Inc., in Spring 1991. Direct inquiries, with a SASE, to the author at: 36854 Winnebago Road, St. Cloud, MN 56303.

Weinraub et al 1983

Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown. ``The Development of Sex-Role Stereotypes in Children: Crushing Realities'' in Franks and Rothblum, editors, The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental Health, New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1983, pages 30--58.

Widnall 1988

Widnall, Sheila E. ``AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the Pipeline''. Science 241 (September 30, 1988), 1740 -- 1745. A discussion, with quantitative data, of the rate at which male and female students drop out of the study of science and engineering, focusing on why women leave more frequently.

Wolpert et al 1988

Wolpert, Lewis and Alison Richards. A Passion for Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. A collection of essays on how scientists view their work, intending to dispel the myth that science is cold and dry.

Zappert et al 1984

Zappert, Laraine T. and Kendyll Stansbury. ``A Comparative Analysis of Men and Women in Graduate Programs in Science, Engineering and Medicine at Stanford University.'' Working Papers, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, 1985. Single copies are available at no cost from the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford, University (415-723-1994).